CHAPTER 2 : TYPES OF DESIGNS

2.1 The design can be classified in many ways. On the basis of knowledge, skill and creativity required in the designing process, the designs are broadly classified into three types
(i) Adaptive Design (W 95, 97, 98 ‘00)
(ii) Variant Design (S 97, 99)
(iii) Original Design

(i) Adaptive Design
In most design situations the designer’s job is to make a slight modification of the existing design। These are called adaptive designs. This type of design needs no special knowledge or skill. E.g. converting mechanical watches into a new shape.

(ii) Variant Design
This type of design demands considerable scientific training and design ability, in order to modify the existing designs into a new idea, by adopting a new material or a different method of manufacture. In this case, though the designer starts from the existing designs, the final product may be entirely different from the original product.
E।g. converting mechanical watches into quartz watches. Here a new technology is adopted.

(iii) Original Design
Here the designer designs something that did not exist previously। Thus, it is also called new design or innovative design. For making original designs, a lot of research work, knowledge and creativity are essential. A company thinks of new design when there is a new technology available or when there is enough market push. Since this type of design demands maximum creativity from the part of the designer, these are also called creative designs.

2.2 On the basis of the nature of design problem, design may be classified as
(a) Selection design
(b) Configuration design
(c) Parametric design
(d) Original design
(e) Re-design

(a) Selection Design.
It involves choosing one or more items from a list of similar items. We do this by using catalogues.
Eg. -Selection of a bearing from a bearing catalogue
-Selection of a fan for cooling equipment
-Selecting a shaft।

(b) Configuration / Layout / Packaging Design (W 97, S'02)
In this type of problem, all the components have been designed and the problem is how to assemble them into the completed product. This type of design is similar to arranging furniture in a living room.
Consider the packing of electronic components in a laptop computer. A laptop computer has a keyboard, power supply, a main circuit board, a hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive and room for two extension boards. Each component is of known design and has certain constraints on its position. For example, the extension slots must be adjacent to the main circuit board and the keyboard must be in front of the machine.

The different components are shown above. The designer’s aim is to find, how to fit all the components in a case? Where do we put what? One method for solving such problems is to – select a component randomly from the list and position it in the case so that all the constraints on that component are met.
Let's take keyboard first. It is placed in the front. Then we select and place a second component. This procedure is continued until we reach a conflict, or all the components are in the case. If a conflict arises, we back up and try again. Two potential configurations are shown above.

(c) Parametric Design
Parametric design involves finding values for the features that characterize the object being studied.
Consider a simple example –
We want to design a cylindrical storage tank that must hold 4 m3 of liquid.
The volume is given by
V = r2 l
The tank is described by the parameters, radius 'r', and length l.
Given V = 4 m3 = r2 l
r2 l = 1.273
We can see a number of values for the radius and length, that will satisfy this equation। Each combination-values of r and l gives a possible solution for the design problem.

(d) Original Design
As described in an earlier section, an original design in the development of an assembly or component that did not exist before।

(e) Redesign
The redesign is a modification of an existing product to meet new requirements। It is same as adaptive design. Most design problems solved in industry are for the redesign of an existing product. Suppose a manufacturer of hydraulic cylinders makes a product that is 0.25m long. If the customer needs a cylinder 0.3m long, the manufacturer might lengthen the outer cylinder and the piston rod to meet this special need.

2.3. On the basis of the objective or strategy the designs are of following main types.
A. Production Design
B. Functional Design
C. Optimum डिजाईन

A. Production Design
In production design, the designer designs something in such a way that the cost of producing the product is minimum। That is, the first responsibility of the designer is reduction of production cost. Hence, a production designer is concerned with the ease with which something can be produced, and that at a minimum cost.

B. Functional Design W93
In functional design, the aim is at designing a part or member so as to meet the expected performance level.
Functional design is a way of achieving given requirements।- but the same may the unproducible or costly to produce. A good designer, then, has to consider the production aspects also. A product designed without keeping all these aspects into account, wastes time, money and efforts.

C। Optimum Design [W 95]
It is the best design for given objective function, under the specified constraints।

2.4 On the basis of the field/ area or the domain of design, the following types are important.
1. Mechanical Design
2. Machine Design
3. System Design
4. Assembly/sub-assembly design
5. Computer aided डिजाईन

1. Mechanical Design
It means use of scientific principles, technical information and imagination in the design of a structure,or machine to perform prescribed functions with maximum economy and efficiency।

2. Machine Design
It is the process of achieving a plan for the construction of a machine।

3. System Design
System Design is an iterative decision making process to conceive and implement optimum systems, to solve problems and needs of society।

4. Assembly/sub-assembly design [S 93]
In the design of Assembly/sub-assembly the major criterion is the fulfillment of functional requirements. The assembly has to be designed to meet broad technical parameters and purpose for which it was meant.
The characteristic features are:
¬ The total number of parts used in the design must be minimum.
¬ Sub-assemblies should be capable of being built separately in order to give maximum manufacturing flexibility.
¬ Standard parts may be used.
¬ Flexible parts should be avoided, as they are easily damaged during handling and assembly।

5. Computer aided design [CAD]
It is a design methodology in which the designs take the advantages of digital computer to draw concepts, analyze and evaluate data etc. Computers are largely used in a design office for simulation and prototype study. In modern design, computers have become an indispensable tool.
Other types of designs are
Probabilistic Design
Industrial Design
Probabilistic Design [S 96]
It is a design approach in which design decisions are made using statistical tools. Generally, the external load acting on a body, the properties of materials etc are liable to vary. In probabilistic design, the designer takes into account the variations of such parameters.
Industrial Design [W 93]It is the design made by considering aesthetes, ergonomics and production aspects

In contuation of last post (chapter-1)

1.4 Definition of Design: (S ‘94)
Designing is such a vast field that it is defined in several ways. Various definitions of designing as pronounced by well-known designers are
“Design is that which defines solutions to problem which have previously been solved in a different way”
“Design is the conscious human process of planning physical things that display a new form in response to some pre-determined need”.
“Design is an act of collecting all pertinent information for the production of goods and services to meet some human need”.
The design of any component includes two things,
(i) Product design
(ii) Process design
The product design involves the development of specification for a product that will be functionally sound, good in appearance, and will give satisfactory performance for an adequate life.
The process design involves developing methods of manufacture of the products so that the component can be produced at a reasonably low cost.

1.5 History of Design Process
(i) Design by Single Person
(ii) Over-the-wall design
(iii) Simultaneous Engineering
(iv) Concurrent Engineering
(v) Integrated design and Manufacture.
In olden times one person could design and manufacture an entire product. Even for a large project such as the design of a ship or a bridge, one person had sufficient knowledge of the Physics, Materials and manufacturing processes to manage all aspects of the design and construction of the project. This period is referred to as the period of design by single person in the history of design.


By the middle of the 20th century products and manufacturing processes became so complex that, one person could not handle all aspects of design and manufacturing. This situation led to over-the-wall design process.
In this method each functional departments were separated from others, as shown by wall. There was only one-way communications between Customer, Marketing, Engg. Design and production department. The customers ‘throw’ their needs to marketing department. The marketing department may throw the customer needs to the design department, in many instances, orally. The Engg. Design department may conceive a design and hands it over to the manufacturing sections. The manufacturing department interprets that design and makes the product according to what they think suitable. Unfortunately, often what is manufactured by a company using over-the-wall process is not what the customers had in mind. This is due to lack of interaction between the different departments. Thus, this single direction over-the-wall approach is inefficient and costly and may result in poor quality products.
By the early 1980’s the concept of simultaneous engineering emerged. This philosophy emphasized simultaneous development of the manufacturing process- the goal was the simultaneous development of the product and the manufacturing process. This was accomplished by assigning manufacturing representatives to be members of design team, so that they could interact with the design engineers throughout the designs process.
In the 1980’s the simultaneous design philosophy was broadened and called concurrent engineering. A short definition of concurrent engineering is the simultaneous progression of all aspects, at all stages of product development, product specification, design, process and equipment etc. In concurrent engineering the primary focus is on the integration of teams of people having a stake in the product, design tools, and techniques and information about the product and the processes used to develop and manufacture it. Tools and techniques connect the teams with the information. Although many of the tools are computer-based, much design work is still done with pencil and paper. In fact, concurrent engineering is 80% company culture and 20% computer support.
With the advent of computer technology, drastic changes have taken place in the field of design and manufacturing. The result was a completely integrated design and manufacturing system. This system makes a good use of technologies such as CAD/CAM, FMS etc. The computer integrated manufacturing systems (CIMS) moves towards the ‘Factory of the future’. CIMS is necessary for better quality, efficiency and productivity.

CHAPTER 1 : DEFINITION OF ENGINEERING DESIGN

Introduction:

The economic future of India depends on our ability to design, make and sell competitive products. Excellent design and effective manufacture are the pre-requisites of a successive industry. There is a general impression that the quality of Indian products can still be improved. The fact that consumers have lost their confidence on Indian-made products cannot be denied. This problem can be solved only by designing and manufacturing better products through improved methodology. Keeping this in view, the subject “Design and manufacturing” purpose to present the methods and procedures of design and manufacture.
Although engineers are not the only people who design things, the professional practice of engineering is largely concerned with design. It is usually said that design is the essence of engineering.
The ability to design is both a science and an art. The science can be learned through procedures developed by eminent scholars. But the art can be learned only by doing desi

Types of Products
A product is the tangible end result of a manufacturing process and is meant for satisfying human needs. The product can be classified as follows: -
1. Convenience goods
These are less expensive and are clustered around shops and restaurants.

These can be purchased at consumer’s convenience.
E.g. Cigarette, Candy, Magazines etc.

2. Shopping goods
These are expensive and people buy it less frequently.
E.g. Jewellary garments etc.

3. Specialty goods
These are purchased, taking extra pain.
E.g. Rare objects like stamps.

4. Industrial goods.
These are items used in the production of other items.
Eg. Raw materials.
Another way of classifying products is into,
(a) Continuous Products, and
(b) Discrete products
The continuous products are those which are produced in a continuous fashion. For example, plates, sheets, tubes and bars etc are produced in very long lengths, and then these are cut into desired lengths.
On the other hand, discrete products are produced one after another, each in separate units.
On the basis of the output product, the Industry is usually named as continuous industry and discrete industry.

1.3 Requirements in a good product
1. Customer Satisfaction
2. Profit
How to achieve customer satisfaction?
-The product should function properly.
-It must have desired accuracy
-It must have desired reliability
-It must be easy to operate
-It must be serviceable
-It must make minimum space utilization
-It must withstand rough handling
-Pleasant appearances.
-Reasonable price.
How can it be profitable?
-It must be easy to manufacture
-The raw material must be cheap and easily available
-The manufacturing process has to the decided on the basis of quantity to be produced
-It must use standard parts
-It must be easy to pack and distribute.

Strategic Information System

A Strategic Information System (SIS) is a type of Information System that is aligned with business strategy and structure. The alignment increases the capability to respond faster to environmental changes and thus creates a competitive advantage. An early example was the favorable position afforded American and United Airlines by their reservation systems, Sabre and Apollo. For many years these two systems ensured that the two carriers' flights appeared on the first screens observed by travel agents, thus increasing their bookings relative to competitors. A major source of controversy surrounding SIS is their sustainability.

Strategic Information System (SIS) is a system to manage information and assist in strategic decision making. A strategic information system has been defined as, "The information system to support or change enterprise's strategy." by Charles Wiseman (Strategy and Computers 1985).

Strategic information system is different from other systems as: -

• they change the way the firm competes.
• they have an external (outward looking) focus.
• they are associated with higher project risk.
• they are innovative (and not easily copied).

Strategic Information System

• if it enables or supports changes in an organisation's products or service, or the way it competes in its industry.
• it has significant impact on business performance
• it contributes to attaining a strategic goal
• it fundamentally changes the way the company does business

Competitive Impacts of SIS

·         product development cycle

·         product quality enhancement

·         sales force and selling support

·         order cycle automation

·         office cost reduction

·         channel and inventory management

·         reduction of management levels

·         product features enhancement and threat of substitution

Factors characteristic of SIS

·         changes relationship between organisation and customers

·         facilitates being proactive to customers

·         more timely and reliable information

·         better communication within organisation

·         enables monitoring of performance of organization

·          gives management information for decision making    

Types of Application Systems ...

• Management Support Application Areas
• Transaction Processing Systems
• Decision Support Systems
• Group Support Systems
• Geographic Information Systems
• Executive Information Systems

• Functional Support Application Areas
• Office Automation
• Factory Automation

Types of Application Systems

• Technology-Based Application Areas
• Artificial Intelligence
• Virtual Reality

• Architecture-Based Application Areas
• Distributed Systems
• Client/Server Systems

• Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)

 

Section-B Syllabus: Electronics Engg Branch

 

SYLLABUS OF SECTION B

Electronics & Communication Engg.

Compulsory Subjects

IC 402 Engineering Management

EC 403 Communication Engineering

EC 404 Circuit Theory and Control

EC 405 Micro-processors and Micro-controllers

EC 406 Electronic Circuits

EC 407 Design of Electronic Devices and Circuits

Optional Subjects (Any three from any one Group)

Group I Telecommunication Engineering

EC 411 Broadcast and Television Engineering

EC 412 Radar and Antenna Engineering

EC 413 Microwave Engineering

EC 414 Optical and Satellite Communication

EC 415 Computer Networks and Communication

Group II Integrated Circuits & Systems Engineering

EC 421 Digital Hardware Design

EC 422 Pulse and Digital Circuits

EC 423 IC Design Techniques

EC 424 Solid State Physics and Semiconductor Devices

EC 425 Software Engineering

Group III Control and Instrumentation

EC 431 Sensors and Transducers

EC 432 Industrial Instrumentation and Computer Control

EC 433 Biomedical Electronics

EC 434 Signal Processing

EC 435 Control Systems

 

ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT

Group A

Management and Organisations

Management process: Definition, planning organizing, directing, controlling, coordinating,

types of management.

Organisation Definition, planning, design and development, types of organizations.

Management planning and control: Classical, new classical and modern principles.

General Management, scientific management, engineering, management, systems

management.

Planning: Procedures, resources and constraints, objectives, goals, policies and procedures.

Control: Setting of reference or standards, appraisal or evaluation, monitoring and

controlling, types of control.

Human resource planning and management, selection, recruitment, training, retraining, skill

development, competence development, promotion and career development, participative

management, trade unions, and collective bargaining,

Management of Physical Resources

Plant: site selection procedures, factors affecting selection. Layout-types and relative merits

and demerits, Maintenance-Objectives, different types of associated decisions, strategies for

effective maintenance, computer applications.

Material : Functions, objectives, planning and control including inventory models with or

without storage costs, price break ( excluding dynamic and probabilistic considerations).

Different classes of inventory. Material Requirement Planning (MRP).

Group B

Financial management: Introduction to standard forms of financial statements, ie., balancesheet,

profit and loss, and income statement. Fixed and current asset items. Fixed and current

liability items. Linkage of two successive balance-sheets through income or profit and loss

statement. Funds flow statement. Financial ratios and their implications.

Managerial economics: Concepts, theory of production, marginal productivity and cost.

Introduction to theory of firm.

Quality management: Quality definition, quality planning, quality control and quality

management, Total quality management, ISO 9000 systems, simple quality control

techniques like control charts and acceptance sampling.

Marketing management consumer behavior, market research, product design and

development pricing and promotion.

Project management: Introduction. Concept of a project, project management concepts,

project simulation, cost or project and means of financing, economic evaluation criteria of the

used Approach

project, project implementation, project planning, scheduling and monitoring, project control

(PERT, CPM techniques including crashing). Project evaluation.

Information technology and management. Role of information, management information

system and decision support system, Information technology-introduction to e-business, ecommerce

and integration tools like enterprise resource planning (ERP).

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Group A

Field theory: Fields, vector calculus, gradient, Divergence, curl, Gauss's laws. Stoke'

theorem, Helmholtz Theorem. Electric field intensity and potential, conducting Boundaries,

coaxial cylinders, Poisson's equations and Laplace equation. Ampere's circuital law,

differential equation for vector potential. Magnetic polarization and field intensity, boundary

conditions for Band H. Faraday's law. Time varying fields, displacement current. Maxwell's

equations in differential and integral forms.

Communication preliminaries. Signal representation in frequency and time domain. Fourier

transforms, power Spectrum, energy density spectrum. ,Direct delta function. Orthogonal

representatives of signals (Gram Schmidt Procedure), autocorrelation, sampling theressare

(Nyquist criterion). Random signal theory. Discrete probability theory, continuous random

variables, probability density functions, ergodic processes, correlation function, spectral

density, white noise.

Noise: Atmospheric, thermal, shot and partition noise, noise figure and experimental

determination of noise figure, minimum noise figures in networks. Analog communication.

Modulation theory and circuits. Amplitude modulation, AM-DSB, AM-DSB/SC, AM-SSB

and their comparison. Modulating and detector circuits for AM, FM and phase modulation~

Automatic frequency control. Pulse modulation. PAM, PDM, PPM, PCM, delta modulation

and circuits. Principle multiplexing FDM and TDM.

Group B

Transmission through network: Networks with random input, auto-correlations, special

density and probability density input-output relationships, envelope of sine wave plus

Gaussian noise, optimum systems and nonlinear systems. Maximum signal to noise ratio'

criterion. Minimum mean square error criteria, equivalent noise bandwidth. SNR in envelope

detectors and PCM systems. Comparison of modulation systems.

Digital communication: Basic information theory: Definition of information, entropy,

uncertainty and information, rate of communication, redundancy, relation between systems

capacity and information content of messages, discrete systems, discrete noisy channel,

channel coding.

Introduction to digital communication, quantization, PCM, log-PCM, DM, DPCM, AD, PCM

and LPC for speech signals, TOM. Baseband transmission, optimum detection, matched

A Focused Approach

filter, optimum terminal filters. LSI pulse shapes for controlled ISI, line codes; digital RF

modulation. Modems, performance of digital modulation systems. Synchronization. Timing

recovery.

CIRCUIT THEORY AND CONTROL

Group A

Graph of a network. Concept of tree, concepts of loop current and node pair voltage, circuits

cut-set and cut-set matrices, formulation of equilibrium equations of the loop and node basis.

Mesh and nodal analysis.

Laplace transform. Transient response using Laplace transform. Initial and final value

theorems. Unit step, impulse, ramp functions. Laplace transform for shifted and' singular

functions.

The convolution integral, Fourier series, complex exponential form of the Fourier series. The

frequency spectra of periodic waveforms and their relationship to Laplace transform.

The concept of complex frequency, transform impedance and admittance; series .and parallel

combinations. Frequency response, coupled circuits.

Terminals and terminal pairs, driving point impedance, transfer functions, poles and zeros,

restrictions on pole and zero locations in s-plane. Analysis of 1-port and 2-port networks.

Time domain behavior from pole and zero plot, sinusoidal network functions in terms of

poles and zeros. Resonance, Q and bandwidth of a circuit.

Introduction to synthesis of passive networks: Butterworths, Chebyshev and Bessel type low

pass, high pass, band pass and band rejection filters.

Group B

Introduction: Basic concepts and symbols, open loop and closed loop systems, effects of

feedback. Concepts of linear and nonlinear systems. Definition of transfer function. Block

diagram representation. Signal flow graphs.

Servo components: Mathematical modelling and simulation of dynamic systems. Synchros,

potentiometers, gyros. d.c. and a.c. servomotors. d.c.. and a.c. tachogenerators. Power and

preamplifiers. Modulators and demodulators. Position and speed control systems.

Time response: Typical test input' signals. Time domain performance of first and second

order systems to impulse, step, ramp and sinusoidal inputs. Definition of error coefficients

and steady state error.

Stability: Routh-Hurwitz criteria.

Frequency response: Frequency domain specifications. Bode plots. Polar plots.

Regulators and controllers. Proportional, PI and PID controllers.

MICROPROCESSOR AND MICRO CONTROLLERS

Group A

Microprocessor architecture and microcomputer systems, memory systems, input and

output devices. Number systems-binary, hexadecimal and BCD numbers, 2s complement and

arithmetic operations.

8085 microprocessor architecture. Memory interfacing address decoding techniques,

memory read and write operations. Memory map. Interfacing I/O devices- Memory-mapped

I/O and I/O mapped I/O. Polled and interrupt modes of data transfer. 8085 interrupts, direct

memory access. Introduction to 16-bit microprocessor using 8086 as an example. Concept of

debugger and MASM/T ASM for PC assembly language programming.

Peripheral devices. 8255 programmable peripheral interface, 8253 programmable counter

timer, serial communication with SID and SOD, 8251 programmable communication

interface, 8259 programmable interrupt controller, keyboard and display devices.

8085 assembly language programming: 8085 instructions-addressing modes. Stack and

subroutines. 8085 programmer's model-CPU registers. Addition, subtraction and

multiplication routines. Software delay and counting routines. Logical operations. Analog

and digital I/O interface routines-ADC and DAC.

Software development systems: Assemblers and cross assemblers.

Microprocessor applications. Microprocessor based system design aids and troubleshooting

techniques.

Group B

Introduction to microcontroller: Comparison of various microcontrollers. 8051

microcontroller architecture. Bi-directional data ports, internal ROM and RAM,

counters/timers. Oscillator and clock.

8051 registers. Memory organisations-program memory and data memory, internal RAM

and bit addressable memory, special functions, registers, memory map.

External memory systems and I/O interface. Accessing external program memory,

accessing external data memory, available I/O ports during external memory access.

Alternate ports functions. Serial interface. 8051 interrupts. Power down modes.

8051 assembly language programming. 8051instruction sets, addressing modes, bit level

operations. Arithmetic routines, counting and timing under interrupt control, keyboard and

display interface routines, accessing lookup tables.

Software development systems. Assemblers and simulators. Microcontroller based system

design and applications.

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

Group A

Blasting techniques of BJT and FETs; Bias stability; Self-bias, hybrid II model of BJT and

'high frequency response.

Single stage amplifiers-bipolar amplifiers, CE, CB, CC configurations, characteristics, gain,

h-parameters, analysis using h-parameters. FET amplifiers.

Multistage amplifiers-classification, distortion, frequency response, step response, RCcoupled

amplifiers, transformer coupled amplifiers.

Feedback amplifiers-concept, gain with feedback, negative feedback-example of Boot

strapped CE amplifier, advantages and limitations, input and output impedance; voltageseries,

voltage-shunt, current -series, current-shunt feedback amplifiers.

Stability and oscillators-condition of oscillation, sinusoidal oscillator, phase shift oscillator,

resonant circuit oscillator, Wein bridge oscillator, crystal oscillator, stability of frequency.

Operational amplifiers-differential amplifiers, transfer characteristics, IC op-amp functions,

frequency response, step response; introduction to analog computer.

Power amplifiers-class A, B, AB, C amplifiers. Distortion, efficiency, push-pull principle,

power supply half wave, full wave, ripple factors, filters, regulation.

Group B

Introduction, binary numbers, binary codes.

Boolean algebra-functions and expressions, gates- OR, AND, NOT, NOR, NAND, De

Morgan's theorem, laws and theorems.

Minimization of logical functions-Karnaugh map.

Arithmetic circuits-Ex-OR gate, half adder, full adder, subtraction, code conversion, etc.

Basic gate structures-RTL, DTL, Tll.., ECL, MOS, CMOS.

Flip-flops-RS, T, RST, D, JK, Schmidt trigger, astable, monostable:

Counter techniques-Ripple counter, parallel counter.

BCD counter, synchronous counter, ring counter.

Shift registers, memory.

D/ A and A/D converters.

DESIGN OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

Group A

Introduction to linear ICs. Operational amplifiers and their basic applications;

audio/radio/video ICs and their specifications.

Power supplies. Rectifiers, filters and electronic stabilization circuits, considerations

regarding ripple, regulation and efficiency, short circuit protection; polyphase rectifiers,

electronic converters, applications in industry. Introduction to UPS.

IC voltage regulators. Positive and negative voltage regulators, adjustable voltage

regulators, high current short circuit protected regulators, dual tracking regulations,

programmable supply, current regulators, witching regulators, fold back current limited and

shutdown Circuits.

Amplifiers: Inverting amplifiers, non-inverting amplifiers, differential amplifiers, integrator

and differentiator, logarithmic amplifiers and multipliers, filters, voltage to frequency

converters, sample and hold circuit, high input impedance amplifiers, instrumentation

amplifiers, sensing amplifiers and comparators, zero crossing detector.

Group B

Oscillators. Expression for oscillation frequency and conditions for maintenance of

oscillations, sine wave oscillators, multivibrators, function generators, voltage controlled

oscillators, crystal oscillators.

Communication circuits. RF and IF amplifiers, video amplifiers, AM detectors, balanced

modulators and demodulators, phase locked loop, FM demodulation, frequency shift keying,

frequency multiplication.

Digital systems. Frequency counters, A/D and D/A converters, digital voltmeters,

programmable digital generators, frequency synthesizer. Design of ALU.

Rules of AMIE Examination

 

The message is ready to be sent with the following file or link attachments:
Rules_AMIE Examination.pdf

Note: To protect against computer viruses, e-mail programs may prevent sending or receiving certain types of file attachments.  Check your e-mail security settings to determine how attachments are handled.

8086 Instruction Set

The following is a brief summary of the 8086 instruction set:

Data Transfer Instructions

MOV Move byte or word to register or memory

IN, OUT Input byte or word from port, output word to port

LEA Load effective address

LDS, LES Load pointer using data segment, extra segment

PUSH, POP Push word onto stack, pop word off stack

XCHG Exchange byte or word

XLAT Translate byte using look-up table

Logical Instructions

NOT Logical NOT of byte or word (one's complement)

AND Logical AND of byte or word

OR Logical OR of byte or word

XOR Logical exclusive-OR of byte or word

TEST Test byte or word (AND without storing)

Shift and Rotate Instructions

SHL, SHR Logical shift left, right byte or word by 1 or CL

SAL, SAR Arithmetic shift left, right byte or word by 1 or CL

ROL, ROR Rotate left, right byte or word by 1 or CL

RCL, RCR Rotate left, right through carry byte or word by 1 or CL

Arithmetic Instructions ADD, SUB

ADC, SBB

INC, DEC

NEG

CMP

MUL,

DIV IMUL,

IDIV CBW,

CWD

AAA, AAS,

AAM, AAD

DAA, DAS

Add, subtract byte or word

Add, subtract byte or word and carry (borrow) Increment, decrement byte or word

Negate byte or word (two's complement)

Compare byte or word (subtract without storing) Multiply, divide byte or word (unsigned)

Integer multiply, divide byte or word (signed) Convert byte to word, word to double word (useful before multiply/divide)

ASCII adjust for addition, subtraction, multiplication, division (ASCII codes 30-39)

Decimal adjust for addition, subtraction (binary coded decimal numbers)

Transfer Instructions JMP

JA (JNBE) JAE (JNB) JB (JNAE) JBE (JNA) JE (JZ) JG (JNLE) JGE (JNL)

Unconditional jump

Jump if above (not below or"equal) Jump if above or equal (not below) Jump ifbelow (not above or equal) Jump ifbelow or equal (not above) Jump if equal (zero)

Jump if greater (not less or equal) Jump if greater or equal (not less)

JL (JNGE) JLE (JNG) JC, JNC JO, JNO JS, JNS JNP (JPO) Jp (JPE) LOOP

LOOPE (LOOPZ) LOOPNE (LOOPNZ) JCXZ

Jump ifless (not greater nor equal) Jump ifless or equal (not greater) Jump if carry set, carry not set Jump if overflow, no overflow Jump if sign, no sign

Jump if no parity (parity odd) Jump if parity (parity even)

Loop unconditional, count in CX Loop if equal (zero), count in CX

Loop ifnot equal (not zero), count in CX Jump if CX equals zero

Subroutine and Interrupt Instructions

CALL, RET Call, return from procedure

INT, INTO Software interrupt, interrupt if overflow

IRE T Return from interrupt

String Instructions MOVS

MOVSB, MOVSW CMPS

SCAS

LODS, STOS REP

REPE, REPZ REPNE, REPNZ

Move byte or word string Move byte, word string Compare byte or word string Scan byte or word string

Load, store byte or word string Repeat

Repeat while equal, zero Repeat while not equal (zero)

Processor Control Instructions

STC, CLC, CMC Set, clear, complement carry flag

S T D , C L D Set, clear direction flag

S T I, C L I Set, clear interrupt enable flag

LAHF, SAHF Load AH from flags, store AH into flags

PUSHF, POPF Push flags onto stack, pop flags offstack

E S C Escape to external processor interface

LOCK Lock bus during next instruction

NOP No operation (do nothing)

WAIT Wait for signal on TEST input

H L T Halt processor